Ancient Egyptian architecture is classified into four main sections

1.      Models and Obelisks

1.       After life architecture

1.       Religious architecture

1.       Civil and military architecture

4. Civil and military architecture :

For most of Egypt's ancient history, it was a land of fortifications. To some extent, all Egyptian ceremonial buildings, including temples and even funerary complexes, were intended to function as bastions of order and harmony, requiring at least symbolic fortifications to protect them from the surrounding chaos. And from the very beginning, we find references to Egypt's attempts to fortify their country, for the Memphis of Menes, united Egypt's earliest King, was known as Ineb-Hedj, meaning "the White Wall". In fact, the earliest surviving Egyptian fortifications were built to protect towns rather than to defend frontiers. Probably the first evidence for an Egyptian fortress is a Predynastic ceramic model of a building, discovered by Flinders Petrie at Abadiyeh, which appears to show two men peering over a crenellated wall. However, the oldest surviving remains of fortifications are the early dynastic settlements in Upper Egypt at Kom el-Ahmar (Heirakonpolis) and at Elkab.
Unless an enemy was willing to besiege a stronghold until it surrendered or could surprise its garrison and subdue it, he had to conquer it by forcing the gates, by scaling the walls or by breaching them. Since the earliest times measures were taken to prevent these possibilities:  Hence, there was an attempt to build fortification walls with massive thickness and of a height that ladders could not be built to scale them.  The gates were specifically protected. While the tops of walls are often decayed completely, drawings indicate that there were cornices all around, behind which the defenders could take cover.Balk: A wooden beam or rafter.
Bastion: A projecting part of a fortification.
Battlement: A projecting structure, such as a beam, that is supported at one end and carries a load at the other end or along its length.
Cantilever: A projecting structure, such as a beam, that is supported at one end and carries a load at the other end or along its length.
Corbeled: A bracket of stone, wood, brick, or other building material, projecting from the face of a wall and generally used to support a cornice or arch.


Loophole: A small hole or slit in a wall, especially one through which small arms may be fired.
Machicolation: A projecting gallery at the top of a castle wall, supported by a row of corbeled arches and having openings in the floor through which stones and boiling liquids could be dropped on attackers.